Circle of Fifths

 The circle of fifths is a great visualization and reference tool to illustrate the relationships between major and relative minor keys, chords, and sharps and flats. As per the circle illustration below, there are 12 notes corresponding to the 12 numbers on a clock. Perfect fifths separate each key – hence the name “CIRCLE OF FIFTHS”. The fifth note in a C major scale is G. The fifth note in a G major scale is D, and so on around the circle. Each time you move one step clockwise you go up a perfect fifth.  
Along the outside of the circle are major keys and their corresponding RELATIVE MINOR keys are illustrated on the inside of the circle. As per the circle – C major has Am as its relative minor, G major has Em as its relative minor. This means the notes in a C major- C,D,E,F,G,A,B are the same notes as in an Am - A,B,C,D,E,F,G. And so on around the circle.  

C major is at the 12 o’clock position and has no sharps or flats. G major is at the one o’clock position and has one sharp, F#. D major is in the 2 o’clock position and has two sharps, F# and C#. A major is in the three o’clock position and has the F#, C#, and now adds the G#. Notice the sharps and flats are added in a sequential order. This is the “order of sharps and flats” which will be discussed on the next page. Moving counterclockwise to the next neighboring key you go down a perfect fifth. Looking at each key you have the dominant chord to its right and its subdominant to its left. For example in the key of C major you have the subdominant F chord directly to the left of C, and the dominant G chord directly to the right – 1, 4, 5 or the C, F, and G chords in the key of C major. In other words, in the circle of fifths you always have the three primary chords next to one another – the tonic or root in the center, the subdominant on the left, and the dominant on the right. Moving clockwise you either add one sharp or deduct one flat as you move from key to key. Moving counter clockwise you either deduct one sharp or add one flat. This illustrates that there is only one note difference between a key and the next key a fifth away. Notice how the illustration displays only a one-note difference as you move from key to key on the circle. For example, going from C major with no sharps or flats, clockwise a fifth away to its neighbor G major, which has one sharp. The F note is raised a half step to an F# - one half step difference between the two keys. Going counterclockwise you would just flatten the B note – B to Bb. Follow this same formula around the circle.